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An Outbreak Of The Waterborne Disease - 4978 Words

Summary It has been reported that by the year 2000 in May, there was an outbreak of the waterborne disease in the richest province of Canada which is the moderately prosperous town of around 5,000 people. This disease resulted in killing around 7 people and also caused various serious illnesses in many other people. This contamination was however based on the tracing of the source which has been identified around 22 years back as being the major risk. The operators of the system were oblivious regarding the danger and also based on the various regulatory responsibilities regarding the drinking water safety. This issue has been overlooked as it exists in the safe drinking water. This case has been prevailing in the form of sequence of†¦show more content†¦Walkerton is found to be served by the three wells named as 5, 6 and 7. Well 5 was present at the southwest edge while the Well 6 has been present around 3 km from the Walkerton in the area of rural country side. Well 7 has been pre sent at around 300 m northwest location from that of Well 6. This case could also act as an eye opener for the sake of analyzing the health care issues that the careless attitude from the engineers, managers and the working team could cause death of innocent children as because of the contaminated water, there were majority of the children who were absent from the Mother Theresa school as reported to be 25 children while on the other hand, it has also reported to have around 8 children from the Walkerton public schools as being absent because of the illness caused by the contaminated pipe connection with the drinking water. The Walkerton physicians have also been seen to be examining around 12 to 13 patients who were suffering on the severe basis from diarrhea. There are also major concerns being observed from the Bruce Grey Owen Sound Health Unit based in the negligence which has been seen from the working units. Health Concerns Having an adequate metabolism working is very important for individuals to remain healthy and strong. For gaining a good metabolism rate, individuals should follow a proper dietary pattern and should exercise on regular basis. A good dietary pattern

Strategic Analysis of Rio Tinto Plc Free Essays

Rio Tinto PLC holds a dominant position in the global metals and mining industry. Even though the company has a range of strategic strengths, trends in this industry mean that it needs to take further action in order to remain competitive. Three key actions are recommended. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis of Rio Tinto Plc or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction Rio Tinto is the world’s third largest mining company and the eighth highest FTSE 100 company in terms of market capitalisation (PwC, 2012) (Anon., 2012). With operations spread across six continents, and activities ranging from exploration to extraction to processing, Rio Tinto has grown substantially from the Spanish mine that it started from in 1873. Annual revenue in 2011 was ?60.9 billion, profit margins stood at 24%, and the company currently employs 67,930 people worldwide (Orbis, 2011). Market capitalisation stands at ?43.3 billion (Anon., 2012) Rio Tinto focuses its efforts on finding and mining five groups of minerals. These are aluminium, copper, diamonds and industrial minerals, energy minerals (coal and uranium), and iron ore. The central strategy of the business is to find large, cost-effective mines that will remain viable in the long-term (Rio Tinto PLC, 2011), and the company claims that a long-term approach underpins all of its work. Key Industry trends In the long-term, demand for metals and minerals remains strong despite the economic recession. Demand for metals has bounced back faster than expected (Helbling, 2012), and continued development in countries like China is likely to push up demand for other minerals as well (PwC, 2012). For example, the use of coal is expected to increase by 65% over the next 15 years in response to growing energy demands (IEA, 2011). In the short-term, prices for these commodities remain volatile. The global economy is still fragile, and a four percent change in industrial production can lead to a 22 percent rise or fall in commodity prices (Temperton, 2012) in response. This can pose serious risks for the viability of individual mines: two other large mining companies have already postponed expansion or made significant cutbacks this year due to a fall in the price of iron ore (The Telegraph, 2012) (Bloomberg, 2012). The price volatility is expected to continue (PwC, 2012). Operating costs are expected to increase in both the short and the long term. The cost of labour and equipment has risen (PwC, 2012), and regulation to tackle climate change is becoming more stringent internationally. New environmental regulation will herald higher compliance costs. Based on the trends above, companies in this industry will need to fulfil four key criteria in order to remain competitive. As well as being able to ramp up production in order to meet new demand, they will need to astutely manage their operating costs, reduce their exposure to short-term risks, and incorporate environmental sustainability into their longer term planning. Any company that is able to meet all four of these criteria will gain a competitive advantage. Ability of Rio Tinto to respond to trends Rio Tinto is in a strong position to respond to price volatility and increases in demand. The diversity of its assets means that changes to the price of one metal has a limited effect on the company overall. For example, the drop in iron ore prices has had a lighter effect on the company as compared to rivals, and so it has been able to continue its plans for spending. It also has the resources to bring new aluminium and copper production online in the near future (Singh, 2012). The company has displayed impressive foresight in its efforts to manage and reduce operating costs. Finding low cost mines has always been a key strategic goal, and recent investment has focused on automating mining equipment. For example, the Pilbara mine will use the first automated long-distance heavy rail network in the world when it opens in 2014 (AnsaldoSTS, 2012), and Rio Tinto has already invested significantly in driverless trucks (Mining Magazine, 2011). By setting up a â€Å"Mine for the Future† program in 2008, the company has been able to dedicate significant research attention into operational efficiency (Rio Tinto PLC, 2011). The company’s efforts to tackle climate change are less advanced. Although an Energy Climate Strategy is in place, and one of the seven company KPIs is on climate change, only modest efforts have been made to reduce energy use. The company is only aiming for a 10% improvement in energy intensity by 2015. Given that coal is itself a major source of carbon dioxide, that 45% of Rio Tinto’s carbon dioxide emissions come from Australian operations, and that Australia is now considering a carbon trading scheme, Rio Tinto is also at a significant risk of extra compliance costs (Carbon Disclosure Project, 2011). These will have a substantial impact on its ability to be competitive. The Australian presence of Rio Tinto also brings additional risks. First, the new Marginal Rent Reduction Tax from the Australian government will incur an extra cost of ?1 billion on operations there (Rio Tinto, 2012), which will dig into profitability. Second, a number mines are vulnerable to flooding: four Queensland mines had to submit a force majeure in 2010 due to the impacts of heavy rain (Rio Tinto PLC, 2011). The concentration of activity in this area carries a strategic risk as well as a benefit. Overall, Rio Tinto is in a strong position to cope with trends in its industry. However, to remain competitive, it needs to accelerate its efforts to reduce both operating costs and carbon dioxide emissions. A renewed focus on finding mines that are outside of Australia would also help to reduce the costs of taxation, flooding and environmental regulation. Conclusion Rio Tinto has the potential to become a market leader in its industry. However, although its direct exposure to price and cost risks is lower than competitors, its exposure to indirect risks requires more careful strategic management. Accelerating existing efforts and seeking more mines outside Australia will help it to remain a strong player in the years to come. Appendix Anon., 2012. FTSE All-Share Index Ranking (unofficial), as at close Monday 10th September. [Online] Available at: http://www.stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php [Accessed 10th September 2012]. AnsaldoSTS, 2012. Ansaldo STS wins EURO 289 million contracts in Australia. [Online] Available at: http://www.ansaldo-sts.com/sites/ansaldosts.message-asp.com/files/downloads/asts_2012_07_06_australia_eng.pdf [Accessed 10 Sept 2012]. Bloomberg, 2012. Vale seen cutting budgets as iron ore collapses: corporate Brasil. [Online] Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-10/vale-seen-cutting-budget-as-iron-ore-collapses-corporate-brazil.html [Accessed 10 Sept 2012]. Carbon Disclosure Project, 2011. Investor CDP 2011 Information Request: Rio Tinto, s.l.: CDP. Helbling, T., 2012. Commodities in Boom. Finance and Development, 49(2), pp. 30-31. IEA, 2011. World Energy Outlook, Paris: International Energy Agency. Miller, J. W., 2012. Why Mega Mining Deals are so Difficult to Pull Off. [Online] Available at: http://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2012/09/06/why-mining-deals-are-so-hard-to-pull-off/ [Accessed 10th September 2012]. Mining Magazine, 2011. Rio Tinto boosts driverless truck fleet to 150. [Online] Available at: http://www.miningmagazine.com/panorama/rio-tinto-boosts-driverless-truck-fleet-to-150 [Accessed 12 Sept 2012]. Orbis, 2011. Company Report of Rio Tinto PLC, s.l.: s.n. PwC, 2012. Mine – a review of global trends in the mining industry, s.l.: PwC. Regan, J., 2012. Rio upbeat on copper amid end of boom fears. [Online] Available at: http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/08/24/uk-riotinto-copper-idUKBRE87N06120120824 [Accessed 10th Sept 2012]. Rio Tinto PLC, 2011. Annual Review, s.l.: Rio Tinto plc. Rio Tinto, 2012. Exporation fact-sheet, s.l.: Rio Tinto. Rio Tinto, 2012. Rio Tinto announces first half underlying earnings of $5.2 billion. [Online] Available at: http://www.riotinto.com/media/18435_media_releases_22270.asp [Accessed 12 September 2012]. Roache, S. K., 2012. China’s Impact on World Commodity Markets: IMF Working Paper, s.l.: International Monetary Fund. Singh, S., 2012. Rio Tinto intends to maintain spending plan. American Metal Market, 120(6), pp. 32-34. Temperton, P., 2012. Commodities: how large an exposure?. Financial Times, 10th September. The Telegraph, 2012. BHP Billiton and Xstrata cut coal jobs in Australia. [Online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/mining/9532629/BHP-Billiton-and-Xstrata-cut-coal-jobs-in-Australia.html [Accessed 20 Sept 2012]. How to cite Strategic Analysis of Rio Tinto Plc, Essay examples

Digital Forensic Model for Digital Forensic Investigation

Question: Discuss about a Report on A New Approach of Digital Forensic Model for Digital Forensic Investigation? Answer: Introduction: The ability to collect data or information for the purpose of the critical analysis is considered as an essential skill in the field of Criminal Justice (Caloyannides Caloyannides, 2004). Such skills are necessary for the purpose of problem solving. The advent of computer science and technology has given rise to a new domain of criminology: the digital or computer crimes. The list of the techniques used to conduct digital crimes is growing with each passing day: needless to say that file do of criminal justice is also adapting itself to the current situation by incorporating various technologies and com putting techniques to combat such crimes (Clarke, 2010). However, it should also be kept in mind the techniques using which such crimes are being conducted are getting more and more sophisticated with time, hence the criminal justice system should incorporate newly developed and innovative techniques so as to keep up with the evolving digital crime techniques. Computer forensics or d igital forensics is one such computer technology that is currently being used in various operational activities that are essential for the purpose of investigating any digital crime (Wiles, 2007). In this paper, various aspects of the field of digital or computer forensics have been discussed so as to evaluate the importance of this technology in the society and in the field of criminal justice. Computer forensics, along with the science of digital forensic, can be defined in a specific way as that field computer studies which helps in the process of collecting and analyzing various information and/ or document from any computer systems or devices and associated storage media units that can be treated as legal evidence in any court of law (Craiger Shenoi, 2007). These computer forensics involved experts involved in any case are accountable for those operational processes that are conducted for the examination of various files, folder and other digital media that are stored on any c omputing device or on additional storage media so as to recover files of information that might be contextual to any legal situation and/ or matter (Wiles Reyes, 2007). Needless to say, computer forensics refers to that domain of computer science which deals with the inspection and analysis of the personal and private digital files of any individual or any organization, given that specific person or organization has been involved in any legal matter (Gogolin, 2013). The domain of computer forensic science is concerned with the data collection and analysis process followed by investigating while probing any digital or computer crime. While considering the investigation procedure, it can be said that this particular discipline of computer science incorporates and implements the widely known technologies and techniques that are used in the process of data discovery and recovery. Along with this features, the discipline of computer forensics also includes various guidelines, practices and methodologies that are useful in creating legal audits (Jones, Bejtlich Rose, 2006). The evidence and information that are gathered by any computer forensics team in the course of the investigation are subjected those very same protocols, guidelines and practices that any other forensic data or report are subjected to. As in the case of other forensic evidence, the information collected from of digital forensic investigation processes cannot be edited or tampered with in any way, and various constitutional guidelines should be followed to preserve them, such that they can be used in any fair legal procedure or trial (Li, 2010). Importance of digital/ computer forensics: The advent of the internet has changed the process in which crime scenes were investigated in the past: the dynamic nature of the internet is reflected in the way criminals plan and conduct crimes, thus making the task of collecting information or evidence using the traditional procedures more and more difficult with each passing day (Volonino Anzaldua, 2008). As, for example, the various websites that are used planning or conducting any crime might be accessible on the internet on one day and might be pulled down on the very next day (Nikkel, 2014). On the other hand, as the access to internet is omnipresent in most developed countries these days, criminals can gain access to the internet from various computer devices at different points in time, each tome from a different location. While traditional investigating procedures would not be able to detect o investigate any crime conducted in this process, digital or computer forensics can be used investigate such incidents (Vacca, 200 5). The Internet Protocol (IP) addresses used to conduct any cyber crime can be easily detected using digital forensics, which in turn gives away the address of the particular computer used to gain access to the internet and the exact time at which the crime was conducted: once the time and place at which the crime was initiated becomes available to the investigators, a little more probing would surely reveal the person of group of persons who had conducted the evil (Marshall, 2008). However, digital forensics can be used to collect data or evidence in a wide range of cases other than that of cyber crimes. It has been noticed that many offenders who are involved in crimes like sexual assault, drug dealing, espionage, extortion, auto theft, murder, kidnapping, economic crimes, criminal hacking and even in terrorism, tend to have stored some such incriminating data on their computing machines that are more than enough to prove their association with such crimes (Solomon, Barrett Broom, 2005). In such cases, the data or evidence collected from their computing devices, as revealed by digital forensic experts, are used as legal evidence in all courts of law (Mohay, 2003). Effect of the digital/ computer forensics on society: Let us consider one of the very first cases that were solved by investigating processes that utilized the help of digital or computer forensics. In 1998, a small town in Vermont, known as the Fair Haven, witnessed a murder in which a piece of pipe bomb was used as a weapon. In this particular case, Chris Marquis, who was a 17 year old teenager at that time, had reportedly announced on a forum on the internet that he would be selling some CB radios on the Internet (Nelson, Phillips Steuart, 2010). However, in reality he was aimed at scamming the buyers since he had no such radio device to sell. A 35years old person named Chris Dean became one of his victims. This person was from Pierceton in Indiana, and Marquis had conned him for some hundred dollars. When Dean realized that he had been scammed, he made several futile attempts to communicate with Marquis and had reportedly sent some threatening emails to him. However, on the 19th of March 1998, a pipe bomb was delivered by the UPS t o Marquis' house: Marquis was killed as the bomb exploded, leaving his mother severely injured (Kessler, 2005). The shipping label used by UPS led the local authorities to Dean, and the FBI found the threatening emails found on his computer. These two pieces of evidence were used as the key evidence using which Deans involvement in Marquis' death was proved and Dean was convicted in a court of law. At present, Chris Dean is serving a life sentence in one of the federal prisons of the country. The impact of digital or computer forensics on the society can also be demonstrated using the case that has been discussed in the following section. In March 2005, a serial killer, widely known as the BTK killer was arrested from Wichita in Kansas, based on the information provided by a single digital document (Kessler, 2005). The killer had been involved in a series of murders for the past 30 years: however, a small mistake conducted was finally utilized by the authorities to end his killing spree. The killer had a habit of sending letters to the local television centre at Wichita so as to inform the general mass about the killing he had made: in one such case the killer had used the information about his exploits to the local television station. The local police got a hold of this email, from which the first name of the author was easily found out. The metadata properties of the mail also revealed the name of the organization to which the devices belonged using which these emails w ere being sent. The emails revealed that the killer was using one of the computing devices of a church, and checking the database of the church provided the investigating team with the information that the killer whom they were looking for was the president of this particular church. A search at the church premises provided many such pieces of evidence to the police: the investigators found out a floppy disk that contained a document in which an agenda for a next council meeting was discussed, along with the letter that was sent to the local television channel via the electronic mail. Until this stage, Dennis Rade was never being considered as a suspect for the murders; however a single of electronic mail was enough to reveal the true characteristics of Pastor Dennis Rade, the president of the church. Thus, it can be said that the importance of digital or computer forensics is the same as that of other procedures that are used to maintain peace and a level of security in the society (Solomon, 2011). Importance of digital/ computer forensics to the field of Information Technology: The advent of technology is being helpful in the process of developing new and innovative technologies that can be used in detecting various cyber crimes, besides collecting information against such crimes and analysing this information so as to find out such evidences which can be accepted as legal evidences in any court of law (Olivier Shenoi, 2006). Extensive researches are being conducted all over the world that aims at developing innovative methods and techniques that can be used to gather and analyze digital evidence in the case of any cyber crime. A wide range of readily existing literary articles has been reviewed while writing this report, some of which have been mentioned in the following section (Pollitt Shenoi, 2006). In the article titled as 1 A New Approach to Digital Forensic Model for Digital Forensic Investigation , the authors have made a detailed discussion on the various digital or computer forensic models that are currently being used in the process of forensic investigations of cyber crimes (Barske, Stander Jordaan, 2010). The proceedings of The Digital Forensic Research Workshops or the DFRWS, that was held in 2001 in Utica in New York b has been provided in this article: in this workshop a newly formed community of people, who belonged to fields of Information Technology and academics, shared the findings of their researchers in the field of digital forensics with a target audience in which civilians were present along with military experts and law enforcement officials (Prosise Mandia, 2003). The article also provides detailed description of some of the widely used digital forensic methodologies, namely The Forensic Process Model which was introduced by the U.S National Institute of Justice, the Abstract Digital Forensic Model which was introduced in 2002, the Integrated Digital Investigation Process Model or the IDIP, the Enhanced Digital Investigation Process, the Extended model of cyber crime investigation and many more (Ray Shenoi, 2008). The application of data mining tools as a prospective approach towards the collection and analysis of data as to find evidence in the case of cyber crimes has been discussed in the second article that has been referenced (Nirkh Dharaskar, 2012). The third article that has been reviewed provides an insight into the various processes that are used in digital or computer forensics (Dawar, Gupta Kishore, 2014). The authors have classified digital forensics into the following types: Device Forensics: This particular domain of digital forensics is associated with the recovery of evidence or information from various devices, like that of computers, digital cameras, mobile phones, etc (Sammons, 2012). Disk Forensics: This particular domain of digital forensics is associated with the recovery of evidence or information from various primary and secondary storage devices like that of Hard Disc, Flash Drive, CD, Floppy drives and so on and so forth. Network Forensics: As the digital world demands the interconnectivity of computer machines for the purpose of sharing of digital contents, most of the evidence or information regarding cyber crimes are present or embedded within the very same network that connects these devices. This particular domain of digital forensics aims at collecting information from networks, to analyze them and to use them as evidence in courts of laws. Such a type of digital forensics is generally used to track or find information about defamation cases, data theft, software piracy, espionage, etc. This particular paper also provides detailed information on such digital forensic model using which the investigating team at first decides on using one or more than one of the computer forensic domains in order to perform an investigation. The fourth paper that has been reviewed provides an insight into the frame using that digital forensic experts collect evidence of various incidents. The definition of forensic investigation has been provided; along with the classification of digital analysis types have been discussed. The authors are of the opinion that digital forensic evidence is of the following kinds (Reith, Carr Gunsch, 2002): 1. Media Analysis: It refers to the collection and analysis of evidence or information stored on any device. This kind of analysis can only be used to collect evidence from media sectors of a fixed size. 2. Management Analysis: The collection of data or evidence using management systems that are used to organize data. It includes data collection from RAID system and might also include the process of volume management. 3. File System Analysis: This method is used to collect information or evidence from file systems that reside inside a disk or partition. The process of extracting the contents of a file and/ or recovering any deleted file includes these particular types of digital forensic analysis. 4. Application Analysis: through this process, the data content of any file can be accessed, collected and analyzed. 5. Network Analysis: The process using which data, information or evidence can be collected from any communication network. Effects of digital/ computer forensics on individuals or organizations: The next literary article that has been reviewed discusses about the digital forensics readiness framework that should be implemented in the small and medium sized enterprises of South Africa. The author at first provide a detailed description of those situations in which an organization can be asked to provide details of the Information technology and communications systems that have been incorporated in its organizational activities. In order to provide the information or data about such systems, it is essential to include certain framework, using which the data from all organizational activities can be collected. The authors have also provided with an outline using which such small and medium sized enterprises could implement such a framework in their organizational systems (Barske, Stander Jordaan, 2010). Legislation: When scenarios occur that can cause the destruction of valuable digital assets, intellectual capital on an organizational system and networks, organization have to deal with the unfavourable situation and embarrassment even some time market value also drops due to the negative image of weak security mechanism. When an organization build a new intrusion detection system and a particular application loaded on a system as an interface to detect the audit log to trace the intrusions. Next to this law enforcement is notified and the intruder is charged for the feloniously altering computer data, illegal use of computer data and causing the computer to malfunction (Balon, Stovall Scaria, 2015). The lawyers for the suspected hackers mount their attack based on the evidence on application generated activity log. It is obvious that each of the evidence need to be correct and admissible to the court. On the other hand the digital evidence must survive the Daubert challenge to by overcoming several hurdles to collect, store and to process and to present the evidence. Computers today provide an enormous amount of data storage to process a large volume of data. There are several disk drives are in use to store and process the data though seizing and freezing them do not take place only by burning single CD-ROM. Sometimes being unable or forget to freeze the files prior to access them may lead the evidences to the invalidate state. In addition to this in todays modern distributed system architecture digital evidences reside in several server and clients deployed in an organization (L. Garfinkel, 2015). Even the problem gets more critical when an IT infrastructure gets connected to the internet and all the digital evidences get spread over the several geographic regions. To secure the digital evidence, it is required- To implement such mechanism upon seizing evidence; action should not change the evidence. On the other hand a person who forensically competent can only be the competent one to handle those digital evidence. An individual is responsible for the entire actions taken with respect digital evidence, if the evidence is in the possession of that particular person. An agency is responsible or can be charged for the seizing, accessing the digital evidences can be charged for compliance with these principles. Seizure of data traffic is considered as spying and it is a smart way to collect information on the other hand the privacy become obsolete. On the other hand the wiretapping helps to gather evidence when social concerns are there or maybe there are numbers problems in the legal system. Collection of electronic evidence with the help of telephone wiretap can be carefully controlled by the legal system following the wiretap Act. The U.S. district court of New Hampshire in Basil had a rule that having access of email stored on a hard drive was not inception as per the wiretap act, at the recipient end (J.Ryan Shpantzer, 2015). On the other hand there are numbers of administrative considerations are there, namely proper training, resource commitment, software licensing. Recommendations: Computer crime is arising due to the misuse of resources by allowing the anomalous behaviour. Although, there is a continuous improvement in the computer operating system, the future of computer system security is not good enough for the further detection and of anomalous behaviour pattern generated from the system user. Detection of intrusion take place using standard logs, audit trails, information gathered from the switches, routers to detect the intrusion into a computer system (Ashcroft, J. Daniels V. Hart, 2015). There are numbers of class based approaches are there, namely, anomaly based IDS that uses a statistical profile of activity to understand whether the occurrence of a particular incident is normal or anomalous. The normal activities are considered as the legitimate and harmless. On the other hand the unauthorized or harmful incidents fall under the anomalous incident type (J.Ryan Shpantzer, 2015). Signature-based IDS tries to match a sequence of observed events with a known or previously learned pattern of events, which can predict attacks of unusual events that can take place. If there is no signature is matching then with the suspicious activities are known as legitimate or harmless. Signature based IDS are not able to identify the previously unknown or new type of attack and beside this, anomaly based ISD cannot separately identify a sequence of attacks or unwanted events. The basic intrusion detection system have been discussed above which is a beginning that is in use by the computer forensics investigator. In addition to this phase of basic intrusion detection, the computer forensics can be considered to conduct further analysis into investigation. There are three main steps are there involved in computer forensics data preservation, recovery, and examination. For these above mentioned steps it is required to have the access of hard drives, system logs, memory, and network traffic seizing, intrusion detection system (Ashcroft, J. Daniels V. Hart, 2015). The major and current problem with the anomaly detection, it is quite complicated to define the normal user behaviour. In this case, rule-based detection, it only detects highly accurate known attack patterns. In a dynamic environment, it is not possible to understand the normal behaviour. Hence, as a recommendation, it is required to introduce such intrusion detection system that is able to observe the behaviour of the processes rather than the user. In future, it will consider as beneficial if the intrusion detection tools are able to deal with encrypted network traffic and detection of evasion technique. On the other hand, the detection system to detect anomalous behaviour can help to alleviate some of the extra work from the Security administration (Balon, Stovall Scaria, 2015). An organization adopts a new intrusion detection system loaded with particular application on system as an interface to detect the audit log to trace the intrusions. Next to this law enforcement is notif ied and the intruder is charged for the feloniously altering computer data, illegal use of computer data and causing the computer to malfunction (Ashcroft, J. Daniels V. Hart, 2015). References: Ademu, Imafidon, Preston,. (2011). A New Approach of Digital Forensic Model for Digital Forensic Investigation. (IJACSA) International Journal Of Advanced Computer Science And Applications,, 2(12). Ashcroft, J., J. Daniels, D., V. Hart, S. (2015). Forensic Examination of Digital Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/199408.pdf Balon, N., Stovall, R., Scaria, T. (2015). Computer Intrusion Forensics Research Paper (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://nathanbalon.com/projects/cis544/ForensicsResearchPaper.pdf Barske, Stander, Jordaan,. (2010). A Digital Forensic Readiness Framework for South African SMEs. CONFERENCE PAPER SEPTEMBER 2010. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224178601 Caloyannides, M., Caloyannides, M. (2004). Privacy protection and computer forensics. Boston: Artech House. Clarke, N. (2010). Computer forensics. Ely: IT Governance Pub. Craiger, P., Shenoi, S. (2007). Advances in digital forensics III. New York, NY: Springer. Dawar, Gupta, Kishore,. (2014). An Insight View of Digital Forensics. International Journal On Computational Sciences Applications (IJCSA), 4(6). Fbijobs.gov,. (2015). FBI - Cyber Team. Retrieved 1 August 2015, from https://www.fbijobs.gov/cybercareers/index.html Gogolin, G. (2013). Digital forensics explained. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. J. Ryan, D., Shpantzer, G. (2015). Legal Aspects of Digital Forensics (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://euro.ecom.cmu.edu/program/law/08-732/Evidence/RyanShpantzer.pdf Jones, K., Bejtlich, R., Rose, C. (2006). Real digital forensics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. Kessler,. (2005). The Role of Computer Forensics in Law Enforcement. Journal Of Digital Forensic Practice. L. Garfinkel, S. (2015). Digital forensics research: The next 10 years (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://dfrws.org/2010/proceedings/2010-308.pdf Li, C. (2010). Handbook of research on computational forensics, digital crime, and investigation. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Marshall, A. (2008). Digital forensics. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Mohay, G. (2003). Computer and intrusion forensics. Boston: Artech House. Nelson, B., Phillips, A., Steuart, C. (2010). Guide to computer forensics and investigations. Boston, MA: Course Technology Cengage Learning. Nikkel,. (2014). Fostering Incident Response and Digital Forensics Research. International Journal Of Digital Evidence. Nirkh, Dharaskar,. (2012). DATA MINING : A PROSPECTIVE APPROACH FOR DIGITAL FORENSICS. International Journal Of Data Mining Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP), 2(6). Olivier, M., Shenoi, S. (2006). Advances in digital forensics II. New York: Springer. Pollitt, M., Shenoi, S. (2006). Advances in digital forensics. New York: Springer. Prosise, C., Mandia, K. (2003). Incident response computer forensics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. Ray, I., Shenoi, S. (2008). Advances in Digital Forensics IV. [S.l.]: International Federation for Information Processing. Reith, Carr, Gunsch,. (2002). An Examination of Digital Forensic Models. International Journal Of Digital Evidence, 1(3). Sammons, J. (2012). The basics of digital forensics. Waltham, MA: Syngress. Solomon, M. (2011). Computer forensics jumpstart. Indianopolis, Ind.: Wiley Pub. Solomon, M., Barrett, D., Broom, N. (2005). Computer forensics jumpstart. San Francisco, Calif.: SYBEX. Vacca, J. (2005). Computer forensics. Hingham, Mass.: Charles River Media. Volonino, L., Anzaldua, R. (2008). Computer forensics for dummies. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Wiles, J. (2007). Techno security's guide to e-discovery and digital forensics. Burlington, MA: Syngress Pub. Wiles, J., Reyes, A. (2007). The best damn cybercrime and digital forensics book period. Rockland, Mass.: Syngress.

Expected Achievement and Benefits of Heriot

The eNotes Blog Getting a Kindle for Christmas Some HelpfulInformation

Getting a Kindle for Christmas Some HelpfulInformation Is there going to be a Kindle in your stocking this year? Or perhaps you got one last year and are wanting to load up on some new materials? Or maybe youve been thinking about purchasing the new (and highly hyped/promoted) Kindle Fire? Here is a round-up of some good information on how to get the most out of your devices, save yourself some money, and make an informed decision. Free Books for Your eReader Recently, the site Bible Money Matters published a list of all the places you can virtually check out books. Here is a brief run down: Lending Communities Websites like Lendle.me allow users to borrow eBooks from each other for their Kindles. What is especially cool about this site is that users accrue points for lending their books that can be turned into Amazon gift certificates. Public Domain After a book has been in print for 75 years, it enters public domain (unless the author has put further restrictions on its entry). For nearly 40 years, Project Gutenberg has been devoted to digitizing all works in the public domain and now boasts over 36,000 free ebooks to download to your PC, Kindle, Android, iOS or other portable device. Virtual Libraries Overdrive, as well as other library services, lets you check out eBooks for a preset period of time, typically about two weeks, on many types of platforms. Protect Your eReader Last month, Londons The Telegraph reported that airport scanners can damage eReaders. Initially, the speculation was that the X-rays were damaging the electronic ink, however Professor Daping Chu, Chairman of the University of Cambridge centre for Advanced Photonics, disagrees. He argues that the radiation in those scanners is simply not powerful enough to disrupt the display. The real reason the eReaders are getting damaged, he says, is more complex. You can get a build up of static inside these machines, caused by the rubber belt rubbing. If that charge were to pass through a Kindle, it’s conceivable that it could damage the screen, Chu explains. Thinking of Buying a Kindle Fire? Read this first. Today, the New York Times published an article about the many problems first adopters of Kindle Fires are experiencing, including, but not limited to no external volume control. The off switch is easy to hit by accident. Web pages take a long time to load. There is no privacy on the device; a spouse or child who picks it up will instantly know everything you have been doing. The touch screen is frequently hesitant and sometimes downright balky. Additionally, Jakob Nielsen, a usability expert, denounced the Fire, saying it offered â€Å"a disappointingly poor† experience. â€Å"I feel the Fire is going to be a failure,† Nielson continued, â€Å"I can’t recommend buying it.† Seems like saving up for the iPad, though considerably more expensive, will ultimately be the better buy.

Performance Pay at Safelite Auto Glass Case Study

Performance Pay at Safelite Auto Glass - Case Study Example Performance Management is undoubtedly one of the most important areas in managing the operations of a business enterprise. It is clear that the present management of Safelite Auto Glass, particularly the CEO John Barlow and COO Staglin want the firm to be profitable and expand into new markets. Ever since the change of management in 1987, there have been efforts towards expanding Safelite’s reach and markets. For this purpose, Barlow hit upon the idea of allowing the setup of franchise operations all across the USA, a move which increased the number of Safelite outlets from 250 to 550 within two years from 1987 to1989 (Hall et al., p 1) . The problem here was that stores were opened up rather haphazardly and customers had problems locating the stores. To deal with this issue, the CEO then hit upon the idea of using mobile trucks to provide repair and installation services to the customers at their own location. There was no need to bring the vehicle to the repair outlet. But h ere again the problems faced were coordinating the needs of the customers and reaching the locations correctly. To solve these issues, it was decided to open up warehouse style locations complete with technicians and fitters who could service, repair and fit out a car windshield all from this central location. The communications network installed here was used to route calls to the technicians so that service and repair work could be carried out with a minimum of time wastage. A limiting factor here was that too many calls came into the more central and popular locations while others stayed idle, but this too was being addressed by forwarding calls to locations that were not so busy. It is quite evident that these expansion efforts came with a cost. To make more use of idle capacity on the part of those warehouse locations that were not too busy, the managers of those locations had themselves been put on a performance pay plan that required them to do some actual fitting, repairing and servicing when the place was not too busy. Quite possibly some of the managers might have resented this double role. Yet the fact is that they had to improve the productivity of the warehouse before they could be considered for a rating upgrade. While it is clear that the present performance pay plan is not working, part of the reason is management’s lack of strategic long term thinking. This is evident from the way that problems creep up and are solved on the run. In the beginning the franchise system created a glut of stores in some locations and scarcity in others; it also created internal competition which was counterproductive. The use of trucks as mobile repair shops was innovative but included a cost that should have been considered before launching this initiative. Safelite’s own deficiencies in the current performance pay plan make it seem that the workers are being discriminated against after the initial guarantee period of 12 weeks have passed. At the in itial stage, the worker is being guaranteed a 12-week basic wage rate depending on his previous productivity. But after 12 weeks have passed, the worker has to prove himself again by meeting the difference and also make efforts to increase his productivity. This might not always be possible due to seasonal variations, intensity of competition and manager bias in a particular warehouse. As indicated, the workers would take it easy in the first 12 weeks of the plan unless pushed by conscientious managers. They would prefer to play pinochle (Hall et al., p 5) while maintaining a minimum of productivity. Secondly, despite the best communication systems there is a lack of proper coordination between the order takers on phone and the technicians and the drivers. This point needs to be addressed because it is having an